1 00:00:04,871 --> 00:00:08,526 All right, so here's one of our other additional 2 00:00:08,568 --> 00:00:11,811 information or going a little bit deeper in 3 00:00:11,811 --> 00:00:14,945 understanding, especially when it comes 4 00:00:14,987 --> 00:00:17,684 to science and empirical research. 5 00:00:18,051 --> 00:00:22,255 And I'm going to take a pretty big dive to do this. 6 00:00:22,555 --> 00:00:26,092 So if this is over your head, you know, that's okay. 7 00:00:26,092 --> 00:00:29,609 Just stick to trying what I talked about earlier 8 00:00:29,651 --> 00:00:32,699 in the first video before this is, can you 9 00:00:32,699 --> 00:00:35,635 just find a theory to help you understand what's going on? 10 00:00:36,236 --> 00:00:38,364 I'm going to take a deeper dive 11 00:00:38,406 --> 00:00:40,507 to help you understand science. 12 00:00:40,807 --> 00:00:44,039 And the reason I'm going to do this is because 13 00:00:44,081 --> 00:00:47,213 if you understand how empirical science works 14 00:00:47,213 --> 00:00:50,226 and understand the scientific world, you can 15 00:00:50,268 --> 00:00:53,186 engage in that world and you can speak into 16 00:00:53,186 --> 00:00:57,824 it in a way that will actually help you in ministry. 17 00:00:58,024 --> 00:00:59,159 I really do believe that. 18 00:00:59,692 --> 00:01:01,899 But I think the reason why some people are 19 00:01:01,941 --> 00:01:04,397 like anti psychology is just because they don't 20 00:01:04,397 --> 00:01:06,833 know how to speak into the world of psychology. 21 00:01:07,233 --> 00:01:08,996 But if you know how to speak into it, you 22 00:01:09,038 --> 00:01:10,970 can challenge some of the things that they're 23 00:01:10,970 --> 00:01:13,634 saying, or you can say this is the reason 24 00:01:13,676 --> 00:01:16,509 why I don't agree with this or this piece of 25 00:01:16,509 --> 00:01:18,195 psychology is very helpful for us 26 00:01:18,237 --> 00:01:19,913 in understanding what's going on. 27 00:01:20,413 --> 00:01:22,721 But you have to have a sense of science and 28 00:01:22,763 --> 00:01:24,951 empirical research to be able to do that. 29 00:01:25,285 --> 00:01:27,284 So fair warning, we're going to take 30 00:01:27,326 --> 00:01:29,089 a really big dive into this now. 31 00:01:29,823 --> 00:01:30,457 So science. 32 00:01:31,491 --> 00:01:33,993 So here's a definition of science I think is helpful. 33 00:01:34,694 --> 00:01:37,474 A theory in science is an interrelated set 34 00:01:37,516 --> 00:01:40,467 of concepts that is used to explain a body of 35 00:01:40,467 --> 00:01:42,575 data and to make predictions about 36 00:01:42,617 --> 00:01:44,704 the results of future experiments. 37 00:01:45,872 --> 00:01:48,817 Hypothesis are specific predictions that are 38 00:01:48,859 --> 00:01:51,778 derived from theories which are more general 39 00:01:51,778 --> 00:01:52,612 and comprehensive. 40 00:01:53,213 --> 00:01:55,649 Currently, viable theories are those that 41 00:01:55,691 --> 00:01:58,284 have had many of their hypothesis confirmed. 42 00:01:59,219 --> 00:01:59,352 All right. 43 00:01:59,419 --> 00:02:01,088 So often you may hear people say, 44 00:02:01,130 --> 00:02:02,689 oh, I have a theory about this. 45 00:02:03,590 --> 00:02:06,459 Well, they really probably don't have a theory. 46 00:02:06,593 --> 00:02:07,994 They just have a guess. 47 00:02:08,194 --> 00:02:09,229 They're just guessing. 48 00:02:10,230 --> 00:02:12,114 Or another way you could help them 49 00:02:12,156 --> 00:02:14,134 is say, well, you have a hypothesis. 50 00:02:14,134 --> 00:02:15,969 Your hypothesis is this. 51 00:02:16,636 --> 00:02:18,943 So I always challenge even my own family members 52 00:02:18,985 --> 00:02:21,141 when they use that word, oh, I have a theory. 53 00:02:21,508 --> 00:02:24,591 No, because theories are based upon lots of 54 00:02:24,633 --> 00:02:27,614 different hypotheses and lots of different 55 00:02:27,614 --> 00:02:28,697 empirical data that has 56 00:02:28,739 --> 00:02:30,350 happened that you have a theory. 57 00:02:30,650 --> 00:02:32,051 You don't start with theory. 58 00:02:32,285 --> 00:02:35,271 You start with a hypothesis and eventually 59 00:02:35,313 --> 00:02:38,691 through research, you can come up with a theory. 60 00:02:38,892 --> 00:02:41,561 So let's use systems theory as an example. 61 00:02:42,929 --> 00:02:46,553 People had some hypothesis, some guesses about 62 00:02:46,595 --> 00:02:49,869 how systems work and how emotionally those 63 00:02:49,869 --> 00:02:51,604 systems play out with one another. 64 00:02:52,005 --> 00:02:53,273 So they had to test it. 65 00:02:53,606 --> 00:02:55,175 Lots of research has been done. 66 00:02:55,675 --> 00:02:59,070 And to show that this particular theory, 67 00:02:59,112 --> 00:03:03,049 systems theory, actually is helpful and useful. 68 00:03:03,483 --> 00:03:07,566 So systems theory is standing upon lots 69 00:03:07,608 --> 00:03:11,524 of research and lots of hypotheses and 70 00:03:11,524 --> 00:03:14,561 guesses that have been taking that people have pursued. 71 00:03:15,428 --> 00:03:15,595 All right. 72 00:03:15,895 --> 00:03:17,897 So we're going to dive into theory a little bit more here. 73 00:03:18,665 --> 00:03:21,117 So scientific theory is the attempt to 74 00:03:21,159 --> 00:03:23,970 explain a phenomenon with empirical science. 75 00:03:24,871 --> 00:03:26,815 So if you're looking at a theory, 76 00:03:26,857 --> 00:03:28,374 you want to pay attention. 77 00:03:28,908 --> 00:03:32,162 Is the theory using empirical science to be 78 00:03:32,204 --> 00:03:35,648 able to demonstrate that this theory is valid? 79 00:03:36,249 --> 00:03:40,653 Or is the theory simply just like anecdotal? 80 00:03:40,653 --> 00:03:41,939 It's just kind of like, well, this 81 00:03:41,981 --> 00:03:43,156 is kind of my thought about it. 82 00:03:43,356 --> 00:03:45,924 That's different than actually having scientific 83 00:03:45,966 --> 00:03:48,628 evidence that will show you that this is the case. 84 00:03:50,263 --> 00:03:53,993 So when you're describing your theory, all right, you 85 00:03:54,035 --> 00:03:57,804 want to ask, what is the theory attempting to explain? 86 00:03:58,538 --> 00:04:00,106 So let's take systems theory. 87 00:04:00,607 --> 00:04:05,309 Systems theory is attempting to explain the emotional dynamics 88 00:04:05,351 --> 00:04:09,716 of the system when there's conflict or when there's strife 89 00:04:09,716 --> 00:04:11,517 or when things are going well. 90 00:04:12,018 --> 00:04:13,987 That's what systems theory is trying to do. 91 00:04:14,087 --> 00:04:15,455 It's trying to help us understand that. 92 00:04:16,289 --> 00:04:19,392 What is the size of the phenomenon being addressed? 93 00:04:20,426 --> 00:04:25,129 Now, sometimes there are theories that are only 94 00:04:25,171 --> 00:04:30,803 addressing a small section or small population of people. 95 00:04:31,104 --> 00:04:34,997 And if you try to take that theory and generalize it or apply 96 00:04:35,039 --> 00:04:38,845 it to larger groups of people or different groups of people, 97 00:04:39,412 --> 00:04:40,246 it wouldn't work. 98 00:04:41,314 --> 00:04:43,392 And there are theories that are going 99 00:04:43,434 --> 00:04:45,551 to work with lots of different people. 100 00:04:45,685 --> 00:04:47,323 And you can generalize it across the 101 00:04:47,365 --> 00:04:49,088 whole population of the United States. 102 00:04:49,956 --> 00:04:50,957 So just pay attention. 103 00:04:51,224 --> 00:04:53,620 Some theories are very kind of meant 104 00:04:53,662 --> 00:04:56,229 for a smaller group or smaller context. 105 00:04:56,729 --> 00:04:59,560 Other theories are meant to be able to be applied to a 106 00:04:59,602 --> 00:05:02,368 much larger context and much larger groups of people. 107 00:05:03,369 --> 00:05:06,698 When describing the theory, identify the key 108 00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:09,809 variables, terms, concepts of the theory. 109 00:05:10,610 --> 00:05:12,879 So let's go back and talk about systems theory. 110 00:05:13,313 --> 00:05:16,339 With systems theory, one of the 111 00:05:16,381 --> 00:05:19,352 main concepts of it is anxiety. 112 00:05:20,053 --> 00:05:25,022 How much anxiety is in the system and is that anxiety helping 113 00:05:25,064 --> 00:05:30,396 them to be creative or is that anxiety so grand that it's chronic? 114 00:05:30,396 --> 00:05:35,893 And as a result, they're all locked up and they're chained up and they can't 115 00:05:35,935 --> 00:05:41,040 move because the anxiety is preventing them to actually doing ministry. 116 00:05:41,808 --> 00:05:44,988 So the key concept with systems 117 00:05:45,030 --> 00:05:47,747 theory is actually anxiety. 118 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:49,916 Now, there's a lot more to it than that, of course. 119 00:05:50,083 --> 00:05:53,949 But if you were to articulate and describe the theory 120 00:05:53,991 --> 00:05:57,824 I want to use for dealing with Peace Lutheran Church, 121 00:05:57,824 --> 00:06:04,194 I'd probably focus on the reason why I'm going to use it for Peace Lutheran Church is to help me understand the 122 00:06:04,236 --> 00:06:10,703 anxiety that's taking place and why they moved from being creative to not being creative at this particular time. 123 00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:13,363 And how are the variables or concepts of the 124 00:06:13,405 --> 00:06:15,775 theory related to your issue and your opportunity? 125 00:06:15,875 --> 00:06:17,477 So I kind of did that for you. 126 00:06:18,244 --> 00:06:19,913 I explained to you how anxiety is 127 00:06:19,955 --> 00:06:21,614 related to Peace Lutheran Church. 128 00:06:22,248 --> 00:06:26,252 And if you can't connect the concept with the issue opportunity 129 00:06:26,294 --> 00:06:30,590 you're working with, then it's probably not the right theory to use. 130 00:06:31,124 --> 00:06:35,207 But the concept, the terms of variables should somehow relate to 131 00:06:35,249 --> 00:06:39,499 or help give you better understanding of that issue or opportunity. 132 00:06:40,867 --> 00:06:43,870 How has the theory been used in practical context? 133 00:06:44,470 --> 00:06:47,668 So sometimes people come up with 134 00:06:47,710 --> 00:06:51,144 theories that are just theoretical. 135 00:06:51,611 --> 00:06:54,222 But they have never tried to take 136 00:06:54,264 --> 00:06:57,150 that theory and put it into practice. 137 00:06:58,184 --> 00:07:01,025 So how much of the theory actually 138 00:07:01,067 --> 00:07:03,289 explains predicted reality? 139 00:07:04,357 --> 00:07:06,192 There are some theories out there. 140 00:07:06,192 --> 00:07:07,393 They're very interesting. 141 00:07:07,894 --> 00:07:12,157 But in reality, they have no practical value and they really 142 00:07:12,199 --> 00:07:16,502 don't help us with the reality of an issue or an opportunity. 143 00:07:17,303 --> 00:07:18,771 What aspects of the theory? 144 00:07:18,771 --> 00:07:22,108 Of the theory could you apply to your issue or opportunity? 145 00:07:22,708 --> 00:07:24,965 So again, you're always thinking, you're not just 146 00:07:25,007 --> 00:07:27,213 choosing a theory, say, oh, we have this theory. 147 00:07:27,580 --> 00:07:30,509 No, you want to make sure the theory has some sort 148 00:07:30,551 --> 00:07:33,519 of an impact upon what you're trying to accomplish. 149 00:07:33,820 --> 00:07:36,618 And in this case, is it actually 150 00:07:36,660 --> 00:07:39,325 in real life going to help you? 151 00:07:39,992 --> 00:07:42,967 Because you could choose a theory that's interesting to 152 00:07:43,009 --> 00:07:46,132 have a conversation about, an academic conversation about. 153 00:07:46,833 --> 00:07:50,570 But will it actually work in a practical context? 154 00:07:50,703 --> 00:07:52,371 That's the thing you want to be thinking about. 155 00:07:53,973 --> 00:07:58,110 What are possible alternative explanations or theories? 156 00:07:59,212 --> 00:08:02,141 So is there a different theory that provides more 157 00:08:02,183 --> 00:08:05,151 understanding about your issue and or opportunity? 158 00:08:05,785 --> 00:08:09,591 So I already mentioned cognitive behavioral theory, and that 159 00:08:09,633 --> 00:08:13,226 would be another one that could actually help me possibly 160 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:15,317 addressing what's going on at 161 00:08:15,359 --> 00:08:16,996 Peace Lutheran Church and school. 162 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:19,866 Now, what's the difference between those two? 163 00:08:20,233 --> 00:08:23,500 Well, cognitive behavioral theory is going to 164 00:08:23,542 --> 00:08:26,706 focus more on how people think about things. 165 00:08:27,306 --> 00:08:30,723 So how they think in the system and how that thinking 166 00:08:30,765 --> 00:08:33,646 then impacts the behaviors that we're seeing, 167 00:08:34,847 --> 00:08:39,199 where systems theory is more interested in the emotional 168 00:08:39,241 --> 00:08:43,556 connections between people in that particular situation. 169 00:08:44,757 --> 00:08:46,692 Both theories could be beneficial. 170 00:08:47,293 --> 00:08:49,304 Both theories could help me provide 171 00:08:49,346 --> 00:08:51,397 me understanding of what's going on. 172 00:08:51,764 --> 00:08:57,101 But if you're going to narrow it down and pick one, sometimes what you do is you take a couple of theories and 173 00:08:57,143 --> 00:09:02,375 you lay them next to each other and say, yeah, this one has these benefits, but this one has these benefits. 174 00:09:02,375 --> 00:09:07,923 It's just it's a matter of listing out what's the good and the bad of each theory that 175 00:09:07,965 --> 00:09:13,553 will help you to be able to speak into this particular situation, understand it better. 176 00:09:14,487 --> 00:09:22,870 One thing you can do when you're a group of people of leaders and students getting together and using the practical theological framework is they come with different 177 00:09:22,912 --> 00:09:31,537 theories and you put them on the board or you lay them out in some way and then you evaluate them and you assess and you assess which one could actually help us the best. 178 00:09:32,171 --> 00:09:34,240 So all of them could be helpful. 179 00:09:34,674 --> 00:09:36,647 But if you were to choose just one, which 180 00:09:36,689 --> 00:09:38,511 would be the most helpful one for you? 181 00:09:38,878 --> 00:09:42,693 And is there any explanation that is not yet supported by empirical 182 00:09:42,735 --> 00:09:46,986 research that provides more understanding about your issue and opportunity? 183 00:09:47,420 --> 00:09:50,920 So there are lots of things that we know about 184 00:09:50,962 --> 00:09:54,126 that doesn't have a theory attached to it. 185 00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:56,633 And that's OK. Someone just hasn't studied it 186 00:09:56,675 --> 00:09:58,931 and researched it and created a theory yet. 187 00:09:59,632 --> 00:10:01,133 Maybe someday that will happen. 188 00:10:01,534 --> 00:10:04,880 But there could be alternative explanations 189 00:10:04,922 --> 00:10:08,307 for things and we don't want to ignore that. 190 00:10:08,908 --> 00:10:13,279 So pay attention to other ways of exploring it. 191 00:10:13,846 --> 00:10:15,860 But you do want to make sure it 192 00:10:15,902 --> 00:10:18,084 has some empirical data behind it. 193 00:10:18,551 --> 00:10:21,220 So it shouldn't just simply be you guessing. 194 00:10:21,287 --> 00:10:25,390 But is there some research already out there that 195 00:10:25,432 --> 00:10:29,161 has been attending to a hypothesis they have? 196 00:10:29,161 --> 00:10:31,497 It's just that it hasn't turned into a theory. 197 00:10:32,131 --> 00:10:33,785 That could also be helpful for your 198 00:10:33,827 --> 00:10:35,568 understanding of what's taking place. 199 00:10:36,936 --> 00:10:39,372 What are the limitations of the theory? 200 00:10:40,006 --> 00:10:41,807 No theory is perfect. 201 00:10:42,408 --> 00:10:44,369 Can the conclusions of the theory be 202 00:10:44,411 --> 00:10:46,412 applied to other contexts and people? 203 00:10:46,879 --> 00:10:47,947 Maybe that's a limitation. 204 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:50,835 So maybe, as I said before, the theory can 205 00:10:50,877 --> 00:10:53,352 be helpful for the small group of people. 206 00:10:53,753 --> 00:10:55,676 But maybe it wouldn't help looking 207 00:10:55,718 --> 00:10:57,289 at a larger group of people. 208 00:10:57,289 --> 00:11:00,302 Or maybe it's only helpful for a particular 209 00:11:00,344 --> 00:11:03,396 culture and it doesn't help another culture. 210 00:11:03,963 --> 00:11:04,997 Ask those questions. 211 00:11:05,064 --> 00:11:06,032 Are there limitations? 212 00:11:06,565 --> 00:11:09,301 What does the theory not take into consideration? 213 00:11:10,069 --> 00:11:12,786 So when it comes to systems theory, 214 00:11:12,828 --> 00:11:15,508 systems theory is really not taking 215 00:11:15,508 --> 00:11:19,512 into consideration the cognitive aspect of things. 216 00:11:19,845 --> 00:11:21,147 And just be honest about that. 217 00:11:21,614 --> 00:11:23,916 What concepts are not addressed by the theory? 218 00:11:24,583 --> 00:11:26,552 Theories are not going to address everything. 219 00:11:27,186 --> 00:11:30,790 There is no theory that addresses 220 00:11:30,832 --> 00:11:33,726 every single thing in life. 221 00:11:33,826 --> 00:11:35,814 So you can't have just one theory and use it 222 00:11:35,856 --> 00:11:37,930 for everything that you're going to be dealing 223 00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:40,066 with with issues and opportunities in ministry. 224 00:11:40,066 --> 00:11:41,267 That just doesn't exist. 225 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:43,775 And if someone comes to you and says, okay, I 226 00:11:43,817 --> 00:11:46,338 have developed and created this wonderful theory 227 00:11:46,906 --> 00:11:48,729 and this is the only theory that you'll ever 228 00:11:48,771 --> 00:11:50,509 need in your whole life because it's going 229 00:11:50,509 --> 00:11:51,705 to answer all your questions, 230 00:11:51,747 --> 00:11:53,112 give you lots of understanding, 231 00:11:53,946 --> 00:11:56,916 that person you need to be very skeptical of. 232 00:11:57,249 --> 00:11:59,001 That just does not exist, all 233 00:11:59,043 --> 00:12:01,020 right, in the scientific world. 234 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:02,888 There's no theory that does that. 235 00:12:03,422 --> 00:12:05,558 Every theory has its good and its bad. 236 00:12:05,925 --> 00:12:07,460 Every theory has its limitations. 237 00:12:07,727 --> 00:12:10,284 Every theory is concentrating on a 238 00:12:10,326 --> 00:12:13,666 particular concept or variable understanding. 239 00:12:14,133 --> 00:12:17,243 But there's no theory that can actually be this 240 00:12:17,285 --> 00:12:20,239 magical theory that solves all your problems. 241 00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:23,581 How are the claims of the theory 242 00:12:23,623 --> 00:12:25,544 supported by empirical research? 243 00:12:26,345 --> 00:12:28,609 All right, so I've, you already heard 244 00:12:28,651 --> 00:12:31,016 me say the importance of a theory needs 245 00:12:31,016 --> 00:12:33,119 to be based upon empirical research. 246 00:12:33,786 --> 00:12:36,444 And with first article insights, empirical 247 00:12:36,486 --> 00:12:38,557 research is very, very important. 248 00:12:38,824 --> 00:12:42,197 That would be one of the most important concepts 249 00:12:42,239 --> 00:12:45,164 or themes about first article insights is, 250 00:12:45,965 --> 00:12:49,335 does it have a foundation of having empirical research? 251 00:12:49,935 --> 00:12:51,137 So how do you determine that? 252 00:12:52,138 --> 00:12:55,606 Well, I have put together some things that 253 00:12:55,648 --> 00:12:58,911 will help you to determine if something, 254 00:12:59,178 --> 00:13:04,083 if an article or theory has scientific merit. 255 00:13:04,683 --> 00:13:07,686 Now, I don't think that this list is exhaustive. 256 00:13:07,987 --> 00:13:10,790 I think there are other things we can add to this list. 257 00:13:11,257 --> 00:13:13,926 But this is where we're going to start, okay. 258 00:13:14,326 --> 00:13:16,028 This is going to be our starting point. 259 00:13:16,095 --> 00:13:18,464 And these are the things that we're going to talk about. 260 00:13:18,464 --> 00:13:21,163 We're going to talk about falsifiability, 261 00:13:21,205 --> 00:13:24,270 operational definitions, validity, reliability, 262 00:13:24,637 --> 00:13:27,907 sampling criteria, converging evidence, and replication. 263 00:13:28,908 --> 00:13:32,394 And to determine if a theory or a hypothesis 264 00:13:32,436 --> 00:13:35,414 or a piece of literature or an article 265 00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:38,146 or whatever you're looking at, to determine 266 00:13:38,188 --> 00:13:41,086 whether or not it has scientific merit or not, 267 00:13:41,420 --> 00:13:43,265 these are the things that are going 268 00:13:43,307 --> 00:13:45,191 to help you make that determination. 269 00:13:46,091 --> 00:13:47,817 And it's possible, very possible, 270 00:13:47,859 --> 00:13:49,728 there are things you're going to run 271 00:13:49,728 --> 00:13:53,265 into that has no scientific merit at all. 272 00:13:53,365 --> 00:13:56,577 Even though it may claim it's scientific, 273 00:13:56,619 --> 00:13:59,638 it may have no scientific merit at all. 274 00:13:59,638 --> 00:14:02,304 So just because it was published by 275 00:14:02,346 --> 00:14:05,277 some sort of scientific journal or just 276 00:14:05,277 --> 00:14:09,941 because some organization like the 277 00:14:09,983 --> 00:14:14,553 American Association of Counselors 278 00:14:14,553 --> 00:14:16,607 or the American Psychological Association, 279 00:14:16,649 --> 00:14:18,791 just because they publish it or they have it 280 00:14:18,791 --> 00:14:21,518 on their website doesn't necessarily 281 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:23,729 mean it has scientific merit. 282 00:14:24,330 --> 00:14:26,831 And anything that does not have 283 00:14:26,873 --> 00:14:29,969 scientific merit we call pseudoscience. 284 00:14:30,703 --> 00:14:32,360 And there are lots and lots of 285 00:14:32,402 --> 00:14:34,373 examples of pseudoscience out there. 286 00:14:34,406 --> 00:14:36,668 We don't have time to go through that 287 00:14:36,710 --> 00:14:39,011 today, but just be aware that anything 288 00:14:39,011 --> 00:14:41,509 that doesn't have scientific merit is going 289 00:14:41,551 --> 00:14:43,916 to fall in the category of pseudoscience. 290 00:14:43,916 --> 00:14:45,653 Well, let's start with the 291 00:14:45,695 --> 00:14:48,087 falsifiability criterion and help. 292 00:14:48,387 --> 00:14:50,605 This is probably one of the most difficult 293 00:14:50,647 --> 00:14:52,958 ones to get your brain wrapped around of all 294 00:14:52,958 --> 00:14:57,496 of them I have listed, but it is a very important one. 295 00:14:58,030 --> 00:15:00,383 And the distinction between what 296 00:15:00,425 --> 00:15:03,035 pseudoscience and empirical science, 297 00:15:03,836 --> 00:15:06,087 falsifiability is one of the most important 298 00:15:06,129 --> 00:15:08,107 criteria to help us to determine that. 299 00:15:09,275 --> 00:15:11,176 So let's do it this way. 300 00:15:13,412 --> 00:15:18,671 Let's say my hypothesis or my theory 301 00:15:18,713 --> 00:15:24,156 is this, that all men have green eyes. 302 00:15:24,723 --> 00:15:25,624 That's my theory. 303 00:15:26,191 --> 00:15:27,927 Well, we'll call it a hypothesis. 304 00:15:28,027 --> 00:15:29,595 We won't call it a theory at this point. 305 00:15:29,695 --> 00:15:31,363 We'll say that's my hypothesis, right? 306 00:15:31,964 --> 00:15:33,666 All right, so that's my hypothesis. 307 00:15:33,766 --> 00:15:35,434 Now I have to test that hypothesis. 308 00:15:36,435 --> 00:15:39,189 But is my hypothesis that all men 309 00:15:39,231 --> 00:15:42,107 have green eyes, is it falsifiable? 310 00:15:42,775 --> 00:15:46,619 And what that means is, is there the 311 00:15:46,661 --> 00:15:50,649 potential to prove my hypothesis false 312 00:15:51,350 --> 00:15:53,886 or to prove my hypothesis is wrong? 313 00:15:54,687 --> 00:15:56,155 Is the potential there? 314 00:15:56,622 --> 00:15:58,954 The potential has to be there in 315 00:15:58,996 --> 00:16:01,727 order for it to have scientific merit. 316 00:16:02,494 --> 00:16:06,199 So if I have a hypothesis that I think all men 317 00:16:06,241 --> 00:16:09,668 have green eyes, yes, it is open to failure 318 00:16:09,668 --> 00:16:12,362 because all I have to do is find 319 00:16:12,404 --> 00:16:14,807 one person who has brown eyes 320 00:16:14,807 --> 00:16:20,079 and my hypothesis is falsified, all right? 321 00:16:20,212 --> 00:16:21,613 So that's an example of that. 322 00:16:21,947 --> 00:16:24,344 And so all science that is done, all 323 00:16:24,386 --> 00:16:27,086 hypothesis and theories that you're going 324 00:16:27,086 --> 00:16:29,621 to look at have to be falsifiable. 325 00:16:29,621 --> 00:16:31,623 That doesn't mean they are false. 326 00:16:31,991 --> 00:16:35,661 It just means the potential for being false is there. 327 00:16:35,828 --> 00:16:37,496 Now let me give you another example. 328 00:16:37,763 --> 00:16:40,466 Here's an example of something that is not falsifiable. 329 00:16:41,533 --> 00:16:45,617 Let's say my hypothesis is this, that there's 330 00:16:45,659 --> 00:16:50,142 little green invisible men that live in our brains 331 00:16:50,909 --> 00:16:56,849 and these invisible green men actually control our emotions. 332 00:16:57,516 --> 00:17:00,913 So if we're sad, if we're happy, if we're 333 00:17:00,955 --> 00:17:04,556 angry, it's these little invisible green men 334 00:17:04,556 --> 00:17:07,459 in our brains that control that. 335 00:17:08,093 --> 00:17:12,761 There is no way to falsify that hypothesis 336 00:17:12,803 --> 00:17:16,635 because you just have to believe me 337 00:17:16,635 --> 00:17:19,238 that it's the case because they're invisible. 338 00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:20,973 No one can see them, right? 339 00:17:21,206 --> 00:17:23,709 So there's no way to falsify it. 340 00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:27,085 So you need the falsifiability criteria 341 00:17:27,127 --> 00:17:30,115 because it helps us to be realistic 342 00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:31,850 about what's actually going on. 343 00:17:32,484 --> 00:17:34,669 Now I will be honest with you, this is where 344 00:17:34,711 --> 00:17:36,688 the rub is between science and theology. 345 00:17:37,222 --> 00:17:40,745 And this is why some people in the 346 00:17:40,787 --> 00:17:45,164 scientific discipline push against theology 347 00:17:45,164 --> 00:17:47,374 because if they are definitely 348 00:17:47,416 --> 00:17:50,102 empirical scientists, they say, well, 349 00:17:50,235 --> 00:17:51,706 everything you're talking about in 350 00:17:51,748 --> 00:17:53,172 theology is just a belief system. 351 00:17:53,172 --> 00:17:54,973 There's no way to falsify it. 352 00:17:55,707 --> 00:17:57,843 So what you're doing in theology is pseudoscience. 353 00:17:58,210 --> 00:18:00,479 Just realize that that's the rub, all right? 354 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:05,309 I think that there are, there's things 355 00:18:05,351 --> 00:18:08,554 that are scientific merit to show us 356 00:18:08,554 --> 00:18:10,258 if something has scientific merit 357 00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:11,890 and there's things that help us 358 00:18:11,890 --> 00:18:14,326 to understand if something has theological merit. 359 00:18:15,461 --> 00:18:16,628 It's a distinction. 360 00:18:16,829 --> 00:18:18,430 Remember I told you Lutherans are good at distinctions. 361 00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:19,932 I think this is a good distinction. 362 00:18:19,932 --> 00:18:22,354 We shouldn't ignore the scientific 363 00:18:22,396 --> 00:18:25,070 community because I think it's helpful 364 00:18:25,070 --> 00:18:26,939 because it's part of first article insights. 365 00:18:27,406 --> 00:18:29,286 And we should look at what our 366 00:18:29,328 --> 00:18:31,310 theology says, but just be aware 367 00:18:31,310 --> 00:18:34,333 that that's the falsifiability criteria 368 00:18:34,375 --> 00:18:36,748 is one of the reasons why a lot 369 00:18:36,748 --> 00:18:39,944 of empirical scientists will dismiss theology 370 00:18:39,986 --> 00:18:42,588 because there's no way to falsify it. 371 00:18:43,288 --> 00:18:45,667 So if you happen to be with a scientist and 372 00:18:45,709 --> 00:18:48,127 you really want to look impressive with them 373 00:18:48,127 --> 00:18:50,951 that you know something and they're like 374 00:18:50,993 --> 00:18:54,066 talking about some theory or some hypothesis 375 00:18:54,066 --> 00:18:57,569 or some article empirical science that they've read, 376 00:18:57,769 --> 00:19:00,372 you could look impressive by asking this question. 377 00:19:01,039 --> 00:19:03,842 So how could that belief be false? 378 00:19:04,476 --> 00:19:08,847 Or even better, are those ideas falsifiable? 379 00:19:09,948 --> 00:19:12,347 Now if they look at you strange like they 380 00:19:12,389 --> 00:19:14,653 have no idea what you're talking about, 381 00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:18,190 they're probably not a good empirical scientist. 382 00:19:19,625 --> 00:19:22,949 If, however, they look at you like, huh, all 383 00:19:22,991 --> 00:19:26,131 right, let's go there and talk about that, 384 00:19:26,198 --> 00:19:28,027 then they probably are good empirical 385 00:19:28,069 --> 00:19:30,135 scientists and they've thought about this. 386 00:19:30,235 --> 00:19:31,488 But maybe they didn't think about 387 00:19:31,530 --> 00:19:32,671 it for this particular article 388 00:19:32,671 --> 00:19:33,817 in which they were reading that 389 00:19:33,859 --> 00:19:35,007 they might have brought to you. 390 00:19:35,674 --> 00:19:37,276 All right, let's look at another one. 391 00:19:38,143 --> 00:19:39,745 Operational definition criterion. 392 00:19:40,345 --> 00:19:40,579 All right? 393 00:19:40,579 --> 00:19:43,248 So how does the literature define the 394 00:19:43,290 --> 00:19:46,285 characteristics or variables in the study? 395 00:19:48,854 --> 00:19:52,424 So, you know, what is this you see on the screen? 396 00:19:52,624 --> 00:19:53,458 What is there? 397 00:19:53,625 --> 00:19:55,561 How would you describe, what would you call that? 398 00:19:56,428 --> 00:19:58,764 Earlier, you know, I called it something. 399 00:19:59,731 --> 00:20:00,832 We called it a lot of things. 400 00:20:00,832 --> 00:20:02,167 We can call it custard. 401 00:20:02,367 --> 00:20:03,468 We can call it ice cream. 402 00:20:03,769 --> 00:20:06,104 We can, but let's go with ice cream for the moment. 403 00:20:07,239 --> 00:20:09,808 So in my family sometimes I'll 404 00:20:09,850 --> 00:20:12,544 say, oh, let's go to Dairy Queen 405 00:20:12,544 --> 00:20:14,713 and we're going to get some ice cream. 406 00:20:15,814 --> 00:20:18,948 Now, interesting enough, you should go 407 00:20:18,990 --> 00:20:21,920 and download the app for Dairy Queen 408 00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:24,356 or look at their webpage. 409 00:20:24,990 --> 00:20:29,274 You will notice that all the various ice cream 410 00:20:29,316 --> 00:20:33,732 options that are there are not called ice cream. 411 00:20:33,732 --> 00:20:36,368 They do not use the word ice cream. 412 00:20:37,135 --> 00:20:40,334 Why? Because the federal government 413 00:20:40,376 --> 00:20:43,075 has defined what ice cream is. 414 00:20:43,775 --> 00:20:46,500 And what you're getting at Dairy Queen does 415 00:20:46,542 --> 00:20:49,181 not meet the federal government definition 416 00:20:49,181 --> 00:20:52,584 of ice cream and so they cannot call it ice cream. 417 00:20:53,151 --> 00:20:54,853 It's a fascinating little tidbit. 418 00:20:55,254 --> 00:20:57,773 And there's other things like that in our 419 00:20:57,815 --> 00:21:00,192 world that we just may not be aware of. 420 00:21:00,993 --> 00:21:03,388 Because someone has defined it a certain way, 421 00:21:03,430 --> 00:21:05,864 we may not always be able to call it that way. 422 00:21:06,131 --> 00:21:07,887 So Dairy Queen has to call it something 423 00:21:07,929 --> 00:21:09,635 else and they don't call it ice cream. 424 00:21:10,035 --> 00:21:11,232 So you have to go look and see 425 00:21:11,274 --> 00:21:12,671 what Dairy Queen actually calls it. 426 00:21:12,971 --> 00:21:14,260 And you can find this on their 427 00:21:14,302 --> 00:21:15,674 website where they actually talk 428 00:21:15,674 --> 00:21:17,320 about how the federal government 429 00:21:17,362 --> 00:21:18,844 has defined it a certain way. 430 00:21:19,177 --> 00:21:21,793 But pay attention to how it's being 431 00:21:21,835 --> 00:21:24,049 defined because the definition 432 00:21:24,049 --> 00:21:26,385 of that makes a big difference. 433 00:21:26,752 --> 00:21:27,953 So let's go back to our Peace 434 00:21:27,995 --> 00:21:29,621 Lutheran Church and school situation. 435 00:21:30,389 --> 00:21:32,463 Let's say one of the things I think 436 00:21:32,505 --> 00:21:34,326 that'd be important for them is 437 00:21:34,326 --> 00:21:36,161 that they need to forgive each other. 438 00:21:36,895 --> 00:21:38,652 Now I know this is kind of diving into 439 00:21:38,694 --> 00:21:40,399 the theological section a little bit. 440 00:21:40,766 --> 00:21:43,528 But let's say that I think it's important 441 00:21:43,570 --> 00:21:46,171 that they are forgiving to one another. 442 00:21:47,005 --> 00:21:49,808 Well, how do you define that word forgive? 443 00:21:51,076 --> 00:21:52,644 People define it differently. 444 00:21:53,278 --> 00:21:56,735 I define forgiveness as something that God 445 00:21:56,777 --> 00:22:00,519 has done for me through His Son, Jesus Christ. 446 00:22:01,353 --> 00:22:04,361 And so when Jesus Christ died there on the cross, 447 00:22:04,403 --> 00:22:07,025 he took upon himself the sins of the world. 448 00:22:07,025 --> 00:22:10,095 And so He is able to forgive me for my sins. 449 00:22:10,729 --> 00:22:13,198 Other people would define forgiveness differently. 450 00:22:13,365 --> 00:22:15,915 They'll say, oh, it's just a way 451 00:22:15,957 --> 00:22:18,704 of kind of letting go or moving on. 452 00:22:18,870 --> 00:22:20,405 That's what forgiveness is. 453 00:22:20,972 --> 00:22:23,400 So if I wanted to talk about forgiveness and the 454 00:22:23,442 --> 00:22:26,011 importance of forgiveness for Peace Lutheran Church 455 00:22:26,011 --> 00:22:29,641 and school, I would have to be clear 456 00:22:29,683 --> 00:22:33,552 about what the definition of that word. 457 00:22:34,052 --> 00:22:36,488 So just pay attention to how they're defining it. 458 00:22:36,922 --> 00:22:39,884 And how they define it actually makes 459 00:22:39,926 --> 00:22:42,928 a big difference on how they study it, 460 00:22:43,228 --> 00:22:44,692 how they research it, and the 461 00:22:44,734 --> 00:22:46,498 conclusions that they make of it. 462 00:22:47,466 --> 00:22:48,312 All right, here's another thing 463 00:22:48,354 --> 00:22:49,267 we're going to look at, validity. 464 00:22:50,001 --> 00:22:52,398 Validity is the extent to which the instrument 465 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:54,306 measures what it intends to measure. 466 00:22:55,073 --> 00:22:56,508 All right, so what does that mean? 467 00:22:56,942 --> 00:23:00,515 All right, so if I wanted to know the blood 468 00:23:00,557 --> 00:23:04,416 alcohol level of students here at the seminary, 469 00:23:04,883 --> 00:23:08,417 and I had them step on this scale, 470 00:23:08,459 --> 00:23:11,523 my results would not be valid. 471 00:23:11,923 --> 00:23:14,421 Because that's not how you determine 472 00:23:14,463 --> 00:23:16,795 the blood alcohol level of people. 473 00:23:17,362 --> 00:23:19,264 I'm using the wrong instrument. 474 00:23:20,031 --> 00:23:22,438 So sometimes in research, they're simply 475 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:24,569 using the wrong instrument in order 476 00:23:24,569 --> 00:23:27,205 to measure the thing that they want to measure. 477 00:23:27,606 --> 00:23:30,389 So if I want to measure blood alcohol level and I 478 00:23:30,431 --> 00:23:33,311 was using this scale, that would not have validity. 479 00:23:34,179 --> 00:23:36,748 Another fancy word we use is reliability. 480 00:23:37,315 --> 00:23:39,551 How do you know something is reliable? 481 00:23:40,085 --> 00:23:42,534 All right, let's say I do want to know 482 00:23:42,576 --> 00:23:45,257 how heavy people are, how much they weigh. 483 00:23:45,891 --> 00:23:47,973 And so, let's say students at 484 00:23:48,015 --> 00:23:50,429 the seminary, I get a scale out, 485 00:23:50,495 --> 00:23:53,231 I have them each stand on the scale, and I measure them. 486 00:23:53,665 --> 00:23:56,644 So let's say I have 10 students, and they each 487 00:23:56,686 --> 00:23:59,704 get on the scale, I write down the measurement, 488 00:24:00,472 --> 00:24:02,374 and I get through all 10 of them. 489 00:24:02,574 --> 00:24:04,913 Then I say to them, okay, let's have 490 00:24:04,955 --> 00:24:07,012 you all step on the scale again. 491 00:24:08,213 --> 00:24:10,191 So it's not been weeks, it hasn't been 492 00:24:10,233 --> 00:24:12,250 months since they stepped on the scale. 493 00:24:12,250 --> 00:24:14,111 It's within 30 minutes or less that 494 00:24:14,153 --> 00:24:16,054 they're stepping on the scale again. 495 00:24:16,788 --> 00:24:19,381 And let's say the first time I measured 496 00:24:19,423 --> 00:24:21,660 person A, they weighed 100 pounds, 497 00:24:21,693 --> 00:24:25,464 but now the scale says that they weigh 170 pounds. 498 00:24:26,131 --> 00:24:29,434 Well, that scale is not reliable. 499 00:24:30,235 --> 00:24:32,267 So is the measure in which 500 00:24:32,309 --> 00:24:34,940 they're using actually reliable? 501 00:24:35,073 --> 00:24:37,876 And some of them are, and some of them are not. 502 00:24:38,109 --> 00:24:39,875 So when you're looking at research, paying 503 00:24:39,917 --> 00:24:41,513 attention to empirical data and stuff, 504 00:24:41,513 --> 00:24:44,539 whether it has scientific merit or not, you 505 00:24:44,581 --> 00:24:47,786 have to look at is it valid, is there validity 506 00:24:47,786 --> 00:24:49,531 and reliability to the research 507 00:24:49,573 --> 00:24:50,856 in which they're doing. 508 00:24:51,723 --> 00:24:53,357 Another thing I want you to pay attention 509 00:24:53,399 --> 00:24:54,793 to is what we call sample criteria. 510 00:24:56,928 --> 00:24:59,998 So we sample people when we do research. 511 00:25:00,665 --> 00:25:01,988 We just don't research the whole 512 00:25:02,030 --> 00:25:03,435 country, that would be impossible. 513 00:25:04,002 --> 00:25:06,667 So we get a group of people together, and we 514 00:25:06,709 --> 00:25:09,474 research them, and so we want to pay attention 515 00:25:09,474 --> 00:25:13,336 to who is part of that sample, how old are they, 516 00:25:13,378 --> 00:25:16,882 what sex are they, what part of the country, 517 00:25:17,082 --> 00:25:19,851 what culture are they, all these things are important. 518 00:25:20,418 --> 00:25:24,789 And so how do they describe that particular population? 519 00:25:25,290 --> 00:25:28,493 And sometimes the reason why the results may be off is 520 00:25:28,493 --> 00:25:30,929 because the people they sampled was the problem, 521 00:25:30,929 --> 00:25:33,634 and the people they sampled don't 522 00:25:33,676 --> 00:25:36,501 represent all of the United States. 523 00:25:36,501 --> 00:25:38,595 They might represent the people in Missouri, 524 00:25:38,637 --> 00:25:40,438 but they wouldn't represent the people 525 00:25:40,438 --> 00:25:43,164 in California or Florida or whatever, 526 00:25:43,206 --> 00:25:46,044 because it was such a small sample size 527 00:25:46,044 --> 00:25:48,413 that only represented a certain amount of people. 528 00:25:49,381 --> 00:25:52,183 Another thing I want you to look for is replication. 529 00:25:53,552 --> 00:25:56,288 Can you replicate what is taking place? 530 00:25:57,122 --> 00:25:58,762 So most research will tell you 531 00:25:58,804 --> 00:26:00,592 exactly how they did the research 532 00:26:00,592 --> 00:26:02,967 so that other researchers could do the same thing 533 00:26:03,009 --> 00:26:05,230 and see if they come up with the same results. 534 00:26:05,931 --> 00:26:08,633 So don't just listen to one person. 535 00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:11,260 You want to see if other people also 536 00:26:11,302 --> 00:26:13,204 came up with those same results. 537 00:26:13,338 --> 00:26:14,339 Can it be replicated? 538 00:26:15,173 --> 00:26:17,795 And there's some people out there who don't want to 539 00:26:17,837 --> 00:26:20,345 tell you how they've come up with their research. 540 00:26:21,112 --> 00:26:23,315 An example of this are the dating sites. 541 00:26:24,316 --> 00:26:27,328 Dating sites that are out there will tell you 542 00:26:27,370 --> 00:26:30,488 that they have the best way in order to be able 543 00:26:30,488 --> 00:26:33,792 to determine how to match people up. 544 00:26:34,326 --> 00:26:36,432 Well, how to match people up, 545 00:26:36,474 --> 00:26:39,064 they don't tell us how they do it. 546 00:26:39,130 --> 00:26:40,498 They won't show us behind the curtain. 547 00:26:40,832 --> 00:26:42,634 So I can't replicate it to see 548 00:26:42,676 --> 00:26:44,636 whether or not it actually works. 549 00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:47,865 They could just be throwing darts at a wall 550 00:26:47,907 --> 00:26:50,542 with people's names on it, as far as I know. 551 00:26:51,309 --> 00:26:53,512 So because they won't let us see how they're 552 00:26:53,554 --> 00:26:55,747 doing it, I can't try to replicate it to see 553 00:26:55,747 --> 00:26:57,832 if actually their process is actually 554 00:26:57,874 --> 00:26:59,551 matching people appropriately. 555 00:27:00,986 --> 00:27:02,954 So here's just some other things to think about. 556 00:27:02,954 --> 00:27:04,496 When you do this, it ensures the 557 00:27:04,538 --> 00:27:06,024 results are valid and reliable. 558 00:27:06,491 --> 00:27:08,727 It determines that the results are generalizable. 559 00:27:08,793 --> 00:27:10,962 That means can you generalize it to the whole population? 560 00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:13,086 And it determines that the results 561 00:27:13,128 --> 00:27:14,666 will be used in real life situations 562 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,370 and does provide information for further research too. 563 00:27:19,237 --> 00:27:22,350 Okay. In the news, you'll have people say, oh, 564 00:27:22,392 --> 00:27:25,343 this is breaking news, really breaking news. 565 00:27:25,844 --> 00:27:28,213 Well, be careful people have breaking news. 566 00:27:28,213 --> 00:27:30,779 You know, I've heard, for example, people 567 00:27:30,821 --> 00:27:33,551 say, oh, if you drink a glass of wine a day, 568 00:27:33,551 --> 00:27:36,254 then that's going to prevent you from having cancer. 569 00:27:37,022 --> 00:27:38,418 And then, I don't know, a couple 570 00:27:38,460 --> 00:27:39,591 weeks later, they say, no, 571 00:27:39,824 --> 00:27:41,993 stop drinking wine, it'll actually cause cancer. 572 00:27:42,260 --> 00:27:45,030 So be careful of breaking news. 573 00:27:45,497 --> 00:27:47,649 What you want to really look for is 574 00:27:47,691 --> 00:27:49,701 what we call converging evidence, 575 00:27:50,568 --> 00:27:52,898 evidence from independent unrelated 576 00:27:52,940 --> 00:27:55,507 research studies that converge together 577 00:27:55,507 --> 00:27:58,284 to support the conclusion, the hypothesis, 578 00:27:58,326 --> 00:28:01,012 or the theories that are being put forth. 579 00:28:01,212 --> 00:28:02,897 Are there independent people who 580 00:28:02,939 --> 00:28:04,716 are coming up with the same thing? 581 00:28:04,849 --> 00:28:06,251 Have they replicated it? 582 00:28:06,651 --> 00:28:09,043 And did they also decide that, yeah, these 583 00:28:09,085 --> 00:28:11,856 studies over here, I came up with the same thing. 584 00:28:12,023 --> 00:28:14,259 So that helps give more evidence 585 00:28:14,301 --> 00:28:16,094 toward this being correct. 586 00:28:17,195 --> 00:28:17,395 All right. 587 00:28:17,495 --> 00:28:20,105 So that, those are the things that you need to 588 00:28:20,147 --> 00:28:22,967 look for to see if something has scientific merit. 589 00:28:24,302 --> 00:28:25,889 The last thing here I want to go 590 00:28:25,931 --> 00:28:27,706 through is critical thinking skills. 591 00:28:28,673 --> 00:28:31,176 I define critical thinking skills this way. 592 00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:33,983 The intellectual discipline of analyzing and 593 00:28:34,025 --> 00:28:36,247 synthesizing information that was gathered 594 00:28:36,247 --> 00:28:38,293 through observation, experience, or 595 00:28:38,335 --> 00:28:40,652 research for the purpose of application. 596 00:28:41,753 --> 00:28:43,819 So once you have all this data and this 597 00:28:43,861 --> 00:28:46,124 information that you've gathered by looking 598 00:28:46,124 --> 00:28:48,819 at all these things, now you have to ask 599 00:28:48,861 --> 00:28:51,463 the question, how do I put it together? 600 00:28:51,463 --> 00:28:53,131 How do I make sense of it? 601 00:28:53,231 --> 00:28:54,966 How do I synthesize that information? 602 00:28:55,033 --> 00:28:58,336 And you do that best with good critical thinking skills. 603 00:28:59,504 --> 00:29:01,724 So you can ask questions like, is it 604 00:29:01,766 --> 00:29:03,842 simply just anecdotal observation? 605 00:29:04,309 --> 00:29:06,044 Or is it field research? 606 00:29:06,344 --> 00:29:07,445 Is it systematic? 607 00:29:07,612 --> 00:29:10,183 Are they using quantitative, which would be 608 00:29:10,225 --> 00:29:13,251 surveys, or qualitative, which would be interviews? 609 00:29:14,719 --> 00:29:16,918 If you, we call it lit review often 610 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:19,324 when people are in doctorate programs, 611 00:29:19,324 --> 00:29:20,788 but what is the, what 612 00:29:20,830 --> 00:29:23,194 theologically are people saying? 613 00:29:23,328 --> 00:29:25,063 What scientifically are people saying? 614 00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:27,232 What are the social science saying? 615 00:29:27,565 --> 00:29:28,660 And what are the primary, 616 00:29:28,702 --> 00:29:30,201 secondary, and tertiary sources? 617 00:29:31,035 --> 00:29:32,554 All these things are things you want 618 00:29:32,596 --> 00:29:34,239 to pay attention to when you're looking 619 00:29:34,239 --> 00:29:36,975 at the literature to determine if it has merit or not. 620 00:29:38,243 --> 00:29:40,879 Some things I think that are important to, 621 00:29:40,921 --> 00:29:43,348 when analyzing the information to think 622 00:29:43,348 --> 00:29:46,573 about is what is the, what is the stated 623 00:29:46,615 --> 00:29:49,721 problem that they're trying to address? 624 00:29:50,054 --> 00:29:51,890 What is the stated question? 625 00:29:52,257 --> 00:29:54,159 So I'm encouraging you to create a question. 626 00:29:54,559 --> 00:29:55,994 Do they have a question? 627 00:29:56,594 --> 00:29:58,963 What is the method used to collect the data? 628 00:29:59,430 --> 00:30:01,633 What's the method used to interpret the data? 629 00:30:02,767 --> 00:30:04,549 Identify perspectives, assumptions, all 630 00:30:04,591 --> 00:30:06,504 those things that we talked about earlier. 631 00:30:06,838 --> 00:30:08,940 What are the implications of the source? 632 00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:12,644 And how does the source speak to your topic of interest? 633 00:30:13,945 --> 00:30:16,247 You want to synthesize all this information. 634 00:30:16,447 --> 00:30:18,516 You're going to pull it together, make sense of it. 635 00:30:18,683 --> 00:30:20,718 That's what critical thinking helps you to do. 636 00:30:21,186 --> 00:30:22,980 Some pitfalls that I want you to be aware 637 00:30:23,022 --> 00:30:24,856 of when you do critical thinking are this. 638 00:30:25,924 --> 00:30:27,820 Don't confuse what seems to be 639 00:30:27,862 --> 00:30:29,861 true with what actually is true. 640 00:30:30,495 --> 00:30:33,007 Don't make generalizations based upon 641 00:30:33,049 --> 00:30:35,333 limited observations or even data. 642 00:30:36,234 --> 00:30:37,819 Searching for evidence that will 643 00:30:37,861 --> 00:30:39,437 support our beliefs or thinking. 644 00:30:39,537 --> 00:30:42,040 That's confirmation bias when you do that. 645 00:30:42,774 --> 00:30:44,943 Accepting information without question. 646 00:30:45,844 --> 00:30:47,912 When emotion is over logic. 647 00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:52,116 And confusing correlation for causation. 648 00:30:52,817 --> 00:30:56,487 In research, they find correlations between things. 649 00:30:57,055 --> 00:30:59,051 If you ever read a document and someone 650 00:30:59,093 --> 00:31:00,925 says, well, this is the cause of it. 651 00:31:00,925 --> 00:31:03,127 That's not good empirical science. 652 00:31:03,728 --> 00:31:06,197 Good empirical science is looking for correlations. 653 00:31:06,531 --> 00:31:08,433 They're not looking for causation. 654 00:31:08,433 --> 00:31:11,011 There could be a causation, but that's not the 655 00:31:11,053 --> 00:31:13,504 conclusion ultimately at the end of the day. 656 00:31:13,605 --> 00:31:16,345 It should be there's a correlation between A and 657 00:31:16,387 --> 00:31:19,110 B. Not that there's a causation between the two. 658 00:31:19,844 --> 00:31:20,111 All right. 659 00:31:20,144 --> 00:31:23,114 So I know I went a little bit deeper with this. 660 00:31:23,581 --> 00:31:25,601 And some of you may not have lasted the 661 00:31:25,643 --> 00:31:27,652 whole time for this particular section. 662 00:31:27,719 --> 00:31:28,753 And that's fine. 663 00:31:29,087 --> 00:31:30,594 But I think it's helpful if you, 664 00:31:30,636 --> 00:31:32,323 depending on how deep you want to go 665 00:31:32,323 --> 00:31:34,292 in understanding first article insights. 666 00:31:34,792 --> 00:31:37,171 All this helps us to do that so that we can 667 00:31:37,213 --> 00:31:39,797 read the literature, understand the literature, 668 00:31:39,998 --> 00:31:42,833 and also that we make conversations with people 669 00:31:42,875 --> 00:31:45,870 who are writing that literature or doing research. 670 00:31:46,871 --> 00:31:49,063 And it will just help inform us 671 00:31:49,105 --> 00:31:51,476 better when we're trying to attend 672 00:31:51,476 --> 00:31:54,512 to an issue or an opportunity in ministry.